Analysis

Styloid process of the ulna: its location and purpose. Fracture of the styloid process of the radius without displacement Closed fracture of the styloid process of the ulna

There are 206 bones in the human body. Moreover, absolutely every bone has its own function, which determines its structure and shape. The structure of the upper limbs has its own characteristics. The presence of many small bones and their joints in the human hand is one of the causes of frequent injuries.

A fracture of the olecranon or olecranon (Latin olecranon) is a common type of hand injury. This area of the forearm performs extension movements and is responsible for the motor activity of the arms.

The olecranon is a large, curved bony prominence of the radius. There are types of damage mechanisms:

The direct mechanism is characterized by an impact or fall on the back of the elbow. The most traumatic area is considered to be the coronoid process. For this reason, fractures and damage to the coronoid process of the ulna occur more often than others. Under the force of the impact, it breaks off and leads to a displaced fracture. In this case, movement in the shoulder joint becomes difficult.
The indirect mechanism of injury occurs much less frequently when falling with the hand resting and the elbow joint of the forearm bent. In such a situation, the strength of contraction of the triceps muscle will be important.

There are injuries:

tops;
grounds;
middle.

Types of fracture

With all types of injuries, the victim complains of intense pain and impaired mobility. There are cases when pain is localized during movements in the hands. Then we'll talk about a fracture of the styloid process in the area of the ulna. The hand is usually lowered down, because flexion and extension movements are difficult. There is swelling when there is a fracture rear sides of the elbow. Swelling or hematoma appears in the damaged area.

There are many classifications and types of fractures in the medical literature. The general purpose of such division is the correct differentiation of injury and appropriate treatment.

According to the nature of the damage, fractures are:

Tear-off;
Splintered;
Fragmented;
Cracks;
Regional fractures.

According to the location of the fragments:

With offset;
No offset.

By location:

Intra-articular;
Extra-articular.

Diagnostics with and without displacement

For fractures elbow and olecranon with displacement fragments and their large number, surgical intervention is indicated. The operation should be performed as soon as possible, before the bone tissue has time to grow. Medical science has a wide variety of surgical treatment options; their choice is based on the types of injuries, their timing, condition and age of the patient. More often, a variety of osteosynthesis is performed, the purpose of which is the complete reposition of bone fragments and their fixation in an anatomically correct position until a callus forms. The operation of osteosynthesis using knitting needles and wires is called Weber operation.

When diagnosing multiple fragments, a different type of operation is performed - osteosynthesis with a reconstruction plate for screws with a diameter of 3.5 mm. After the operation, immobilization therapy occurs by applying a plaster splint. Wearing time depends on the extent of the damage and other factors affecting healing, and can last up to 6 weeks with subsequent rehabilitation. After the final restoration of all functions in the hand, the metal structures are removed.

Possible complications

Any surgical intervention does not pass without leaving a trace. If the operation is successful, recovery occurs within 1-3 months. Often after fracture of the coronoid olecranon process of the ulna and other similar injuries, negative consequences arise consequences.

Based on the frequency of complications, we can distinguish:

The occurrence of inflammation due to infection;
Restriction in elbow movement;
The appearance of bone growths pressing against nerve endings, blood vessels and tissues;
Arthrosis;
Olecranon bursitis;
Chronic pain;
Protruding styloid process.

If you seek help and treatment in a timely manner, the occurrence of complications can be minimized.

Rehabilitation

Decisive factor for recovery motor functions becomes the correct choice of course rehabilitation. In fact, it begins a few days after seeking help. After swelling decreases, doctors prescribe measures to development of hand joints after an olecranon fracture. Start with small, careful movements - extension and flexion of the forearm, muscle contractions.

The second stage of rehabilitation includes:

Physiotherapy;
Upper limb massage;
Anti-inflammatory therapy;
Taking vitamins;
Applying an orthosis if necessary;
Healthy eating.

Nutrition

Nutrition during the recovery period should be given special attention. The patients' diet consists of food enriched with vitamins and minerals beneficial to the body. Every day it is recommended to consume foods containing calcium: cottage cheese, cheese, milk, vegetables, fruits. For older people, the doctor prescribes additional multivitamins and calcium supplements.

Fractures of the radius in a typical location (metaphyseal fractures) account for more than 25% of all fractures.

It is in this place that fractures of the radius most often occur in adults, and in children and adolescents - epiphysiolysis and osteoepiphysiolysis.

Anatomy

1. ulna; 2. radius; 3. distal radioulnar joint; 4. articular disc; 5. wrist joint; 6. midcarpal joint; 7. intercarpal joints; 8. carpometacarpal joints; 9. intermetacarpal joints; 10. metacarpal bones.

The wrist joint is the connection of the lower epiphysis of the radius and the articular disc of the ulna with the bones of the proximal row of the wrist.

The articular surface for the triquetral bone is formed by cartilage, which occupies the free space between the carpal bones and the head of the ulna.

The articular surface of the radius, together with the distal surface of the disc, forms the articular fossa of the radiocarpal joint, and the triquetral, lunate and scaphoid bones of the wrist are its head.

Movements in the wrist joint occur around two axes - the hand moves from side to side from the radius to the ulna, and also bends and bends relative to the frontal axis of the joint.

Causes of radius fractures in a typical location

The mechanism of injury is always indirect - a fall with emphasis on the hand.

In this case, two types of fracture occur: extensor(Colles fracture) and bending(Smith's fracture).

Extensor fractures most often occur because a person, when falling, rests on the palmar surface of the hand. Much less often, when falling, the emphasis falls on the dorsum of the hand when it is in palmar flexion.

In extensor fractures, the distal fragment (epiphysis) is displaced towards the dorsum of the forearm, and the proximal fragment towards the palmar surface. In flexion fractures, the distal fragment is displaced to the palmar side, and the proximal fragment to the dorsal side.

The reason for frequent fractures of the radius in a typical location lies in anatomical and biomechanical conditions.

The radius in the area of the metaphysis and epiphysis does not have a pronounced cortical layer. In addition, these anatomical structures are characterized by a spongy structure, but the epiphysis is thicker and, moreover, the capsule and connections give it greater stability. Therefore, all the mechanical force acting during a fall with a pronated forearm and emphasis on the hand is concentrated in the metaphysis area.

The strong palmar ligament, which never breaks, when suddenly overstretched at its attachment site, breaks the outer layer of the bone, and the traumatic force of the fall completes the bone fracture with a corresponding displacement of the fragments. The fracture plane in these cases is almost always transverse.

Splinter intra-articular fractures of the epimetaphysis of the radius also occur.

Symptoms

For Colles fractures

For extensor fractures, or Colles fractures (after the name of the surgeon who first described them in 1814), pain and deformation of the lower third of the forearm like a bayonet or fork with deviation of the hand to the radial side are typical.

On the dorsum of the forearm above the wrist joint under the skin there is a clear bony protrusion, a deformity with an angle open to the rear.

The palmar side of the forearm, according to the bend on the back, has a convex shape. The fingers of the hand are in a semi-bent position and active movements of them, as well as movements of the hand, are significantly limited and aggravate the pain. The victim cannot clench his fingers into a fist.

For Smith's fractures

With flexion fractures, which Smith described, the deformation is of the opposite nature.

The distal fragment is displaced to the palmar side, and the proximal fragment to the dorsal side; a deformity is formed with an angle open to the palmar side of the hand in the position of palmar flexion.

The fingers are half-bent; the victim cannot clench them into a fist due to pain. Active movements in the wrist joint are impossible due to worsening pain.

With a fracture of the styloid process of the ulna

With fractures of the radius, a fracture of the styloid process of the ulna often occurs in a typical location, which is clinically manifested by deformation of the contours of the distal end of the ulna and local pain on palpation.

Diagnostics

X-ray examination confirms the diagnosis and characterizes the characteristics of the fracture.

Urgent Care

Emergency care consists of pain relief and transport immobilization.

Complications

Among the complications of fractures of the radius in a typical location, Turner's neurodystrophic syndrome is severe.

Its cause is considered to be damage to the interosseous dorsal branch of the radial nerve, which lies in the area of the epimetaphysis on the radial bone itself.

Clinically: swelling of the fingers, hand, lower third of the forearm increases, constant pain.

The skin becomes bluish, the swelling is hard, active movements of the fingers are very limited, hyposthesia, local osteoporosis, and contractures of the fingers appear.

Neurodystrophic Turner syndrome has a torpid long-term course, mostly with loss of ability to work for victims.

Treatment

No offset

It is treated by immobilization with a deep dorsal plaster splint, starting from the upper third of the forearm and ending at the heads of the metacarpal bones.

With offset

Fractures with displacement of fragments are subject, after anesthesia (injection of a 1% solution of novocaine or lidocaine into the hematoma), to a closed simultaneous comparison of fragments.

The victim is sitting, the injured hand is placed on the table so that the end of the table corresponds to the level of the radiocarpal joint (if the victim cannot sit, then the comparison is carried out in a lying position).

The arm is bent at the elbow joint to a right angle, the assistant grabs the shoulder above the elbow joint for counterweight. The doctor grabs the first finger with his right hand, and the second, third, and fourth fingers with his left hand, and without jerking, with increasing strength, performs traction along the axis of the forearm (eliminates displacement in length and impacted fragments). Having achieved stretching of the fragments, the doctor vigorously moves the hand to the position of palmar flexion. In this case, the epimetaphysis should not be pressed against the edge of the table. The fragments are compared, and the hand is given a position of moderate ulnar deviation.

After this, the doctor, without reducing the traction along the axis of the forearm, moves the hand out of palmar flexion and passes it to the second assistant, maintaining the position of lengthwise extension. At this time, with his thumb he presses the epiphysis from top to bottom, and with three fingers from below he pushes the proximal end of the fragment from the palmar surface in the dorsal direction until the deformity is completely eliminated.

A deep plaster splint is applied from the upper third of the forearm to the heads of the metacarpal bones so that the edge of the splint on the radial side extends to the middle of the forearm along the palmar surface, carefully modulating the plaster cast along the contours of the wrist joint and forearm, preventing excessive compression.

They carry out X-ray control through the plaster, make sure that the displacement is completely eliminated and send the victim for outpatient treatment with mandatory monitoring for a day.

Pay attention to the severity of swelling, the color of the skin of the fingers, their sensitivity, the possibility of active movements, and identify the presence of depression of the edges of the plaster splint.

They bandage the splint (without removing the splint), turn away the edges of the plaster splint in the places where it is pressed, make sure that there is no compression of the vessels, and tighten the splint with a bandage without squeezing the soft tissues.

On the 7th -9th day, the traumatic swelling subsides and the victim should see a doctor, who should tighten the splint so that it fits tightly to the forearm, preventing secondary displacement of the fragments. After this, X-ray control (through plaster) of the position of the fragments is carried out.

In cases where it is not possible to closedly renew the congruence of the articular surface of the radius, surgical treatment, open reduction with synthesis of fragments, is indicated.

Rehabilitation

As soon as the patient feels that the plaster cast has become looser, it is necessary to consult a doctor in order to tighten it in a timely manner.

The duration of immobilization is 4-5 weeks.

After the immobilization is removed, X-ray control is done and, depending on the quality of the bone fusion, physical therapy, calcium electrophoresis, alternating with novocaine, magnetic therapy, and from the 6th week - massage are prescribed.

Efficiency is restored in people who do non-physical work after 2 months, and in people who do physical work - after 3-4 months.

The radius is a paired bone that is part of the forearm and is located next to the ulna. When considering any type of upper extremity fracture, a radius fracture is the most common. Their number approaches 50% of all fractures. The reason for this is a person’s instinctive desire to offer an outstretched arm during a fall. This feature is the reason that the above bone is injured more often than others.

Causes of fracture

On the radius there is a styloid process, which can also be susceptible to fracture. This injury, as a rule, does not appear as a result of the direct influence of mechanical force, but as a result of the reciprocal impact of the impact force. Such bone damage in most cases occurs in winter, when the roads are covered with ice.

The main causes of a fracture may be:

passion for cycling, rollerblading, skateboarding, etc.;
serious exercise;
accidents related to motor vehicles;
unsuccessful completion of a jump or trick;
active games.

These factors contribute to the fact that a person at the level of reflexes extends his arm, which causes a serious injury to the styloid process. Experts note two types of fractures of the styloid process of the radius, namely compression and avulsion.

Compression type

A fracture of the styloid process of the radius looks like a small crack

The mechanism for obtaining this type of injury occurs against the background of a blow to the part of the wrist on the radius bone, as a result of which the force of the impact quickly pushes the radial process outward and somewhat backward. Typically, the force of the impact is transferred through the nearby scaphoid bone, causing a fracture of the part of the radius that directly articulates with it. All this leads to a linear fracture between the scaphoid and lunate bones. Displacement of bone fragments does not occur, since the damage looks like a small crack.

Clinical picture

pain in the damaged area;
crunching of bone fragments, in professional language “crepitus”;
the patient is unable to make any movements with the wrist joint;
swelling in the fracture area;
hematoma;
a feeling of tension in the joint area (not always).

The final decision about the presence and nature of the fracture is made based on the medical history, that is, the fact of the occurrence of the injury, medical examination and x-rays.

As soon as the presence of a fracture is confirmed, the patient is given pain relief with analgesics that do not contain narcotic substances. The damaged joint is immobilized using a plaster cast, which will have to be worn for at least a month.

Joint reduction

If, upon receipt of an injury, the styloid process of the radius is displaced to the outer part or back, the doctor is obliged to match it exactly with the bone. Reposition of the broken parts of the bone in the victim is carried out under local anesthesia, after which, over a period of time, the elbow joint restores its anatomical shape. It is important that the articular surface is smooth.

Manipulations for repositioning fragments are performed exactly the same as when reducing a complex comminuted fracture of the radius. It was mentioned above - the Colles fracture. The bone should be strongly compressed on both sides, with one hand of the doctor located on the inside of the wrist joint, and the second on the outside. If the compression is not strong enough, the bone fragments may not be aligned accurately.

This reposition is characterized by the fact that it completely guarantees the absence of new damage that can occur due to strong compression of the bone.

The peculiarity of this method is that in this case it is almost impossible to exceed the maximum permissible pressure.

Tear-off type

This type of damage is not often encountered in clinical practice. Compression is much more common. It received its name due to a violation of the integrity of the bone, caused by a powerful tension of the radial collateral ligament located on the wrist. How does this happen? If a person lands on an outstretched arm, he experiences a subluxation of the wrist joint inward, and a complete dislocation can also occur.

During an injury, the wrist suddenly shifts inward. In turn, the styloid process is pulled away from the diaphysis of the radius and, unfolding in a certain way, as a result of which the entire articular surface of the arm is directed to the outer side.

Symptoms and diagnosis

The main characteristic of a fracture of the styloid process of the radius is severe pain in the corresponding area. Signs also include swelling, deformation, crunching of fragments and numbness of the fingers. Due to severe hematoma and deformation of the joint, its movements become impossible. The patient feels pain in the area of the wrist joint while moving the upper limb when walking.

The diagnostic conclusion is made on the basis of anamnesis, medical examination and x-rays. If you provoke a strong traction of the joint as quickly as possible after the injury, then such a dislocation can be reduced quite easily. To do this, the specialist needs to take the victim by the thumb and sharply pull the remaining fingers in the opposite direction. This manipulation allows you to correctly compare the fragment of the styloid process and the radius.

If you have a fracture of the styloid process of the radius, you must wear a cast for at least a month.

If medical procedures have ensured absolute reposition of bone fragments, the patient fully restores range of motion. Before removing the plaster, the doctor takes a control x-ray to make sure the fracture has healed.

In some cases, this type of fracture requires an operation with the help of which the process is fixed with a special screw.

Recovery after a fracture

Once the plaster cast is removed and the swelling has subsided, the patient must undergo physical therapy to restore the elbow joint. The most preferred method of physical treatment is magnetic therapy.

Possible consequences:

penetration of infection causing suppuration and sepsis;
serious damage to blood vessels in the fracture area;
neurotrophic disorders;
deformations of bones and joints;
protrusion of the styloid process;
The elbow joint constantly bothers the patient with pain.

Timely seeking medical help will help you avoid such situations. And strict adherence to all recommendations prescribed by the traumatologist. An important condition for the successful treatment of any fractures is the condition in which the plaster cast cannot be removed ahead of time.

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A fracture of the styloid process of the radius (ulna) with and without displacement is an injury that is characterized by seasonality. The greatest number of fractures occurs in the autumn-winter period, when black ice sets in.

Damage occurs not due to the direct impact of a mechanical factor, but as a result of impact recoil. It should be noted that women are more susceptible to this injury than men.

In the article you will learn everything about the fracture and avulsion of the styloid process of the ulna, treatment of the injury and consequences.

Common Causes of Injury

As mentioned above, the most common cause of a styloid process fracture is a fall on ice. However, other factors can also trigger injury:

In the vast majority of cases a fracture occurs when a person falls on an arm extended at the elbow joint, as a result of which she experiences a colossal load at the time of the fall. It must be said that many people unconsciously (reflexively) fall on their outstretched arms.

Diagnosis of a fracture

To diagnose an injury, the doctor must first talk with the patient and collect complaints. Then you need to collect an anamnesis (history of the incident). The following points are clarified:

Time of injury;
The circumstances under which the fracture occurred;
How did the fall happen?

After the conversation, the doctor sends the patient for an X-ray examination. A photograph of the injured arm is taken in frontal and lateral projections. X-ray examination is considered the “gold standard” in diagnosing fractures.

Occasionally, in complex clinical cases, more high-tech techniques (for example, computed tomography) are necessary.

Compression fracture

A compression fracture occurs when the wrist hits the radius bone. In this case, the main force of the impact is transmitted to the scaphoid bone, with which the styloid process of the ulna is in direct contact.

A compression fracture is characterized by the absence of displacement of bone fragments, and the damage itself has the appearance of a small crack.

Symptoms of a compression fracture are as follows:

Swelling at the site of injury, affecting the underlying tissue. This creates a feeling that the skin at the site of injury is stretched.
Pain;
Inability to make any movements with the affected limb. Sometimes when you try to move your hand, a characteristic crunching sound occurs, which experts call crepitus.
Hyperemia (redness) of the skin at the fracture site. In some cases, hematomas may form.

Diagnostics

To diagnose a fracture of the styloid process, the doctor must take a thorough history. It is important to find out all the circumstances under which the injury occurred.

Then the patient it is necessary to conduct an x-ray examination injured arm in several projections to assess the nature of the fracture, the presence of complications, etc.

First aid

A fracture of the styloid process, like any other fracture, is accompanied by pain and a gradual increase in soft tissue swelling. Therefore, in the first minutes after the incident, it is necessary to apply a heating pad with ice or any other object to your hand.

Cold in this case will have a double effect. Firstly, it will prevent the formation of edema, and secondly, it will have a slight analgesic effect. You need to act carefully so as not to cause further harm to the victim.

Treatment

Treatment of a compression fracture of the styloid process is reduced to closed reduction (comparison) of bone fragments and immobilization of the limb. Reposition is carried out under local anesthesia. The doctor needs to squeeze the bone very tightly on both sides: one hand squeezes the wrist joint from the inner surface, and the other from the outer surface.

Avulsion fracture of the styloid process

Avulsion of the styloid process of the ulna is quite rare in clinical practice. As the name implies, during an injury, the integrity of the radius bone is damaged. If in the case of a compression fracture the violation of integrity is an ordinary crack, then in this situation a real separation of the bone occurs.

Mechanism of injury

In the vast majority of cases, avulsion fractures of the styloid process occur after an unsuccessful fall on an outstretched arm.

In this case, the wrist sharply shifts inward, the styloid process of the radius is, as it were, “pulled” from the radius, and, if the impact force is significant, it breaks off. Sometimes an avulsion fracture is accompanied by complete dislocation of the wrist joint.

Symptoms

The most characteristic symptom of an avulsion fracture of the styloid process is a sharp pain that intensifies with the slightest attempt to move the hand. That is why the victim tries to give his hand the most gentle position possible. After some time, swelling forms at the site of injury, and in some cases, a hematoma.

A very characteristic symptom of an avulsion fracture is crepitus of bone fragments.. It lies in the fact that when you try to move the bones at the fracture site, you will feel a characteristic creaking sound of bones rubbing against each other. Only an experienced specialist can check the symptom of crepitus. Otherwise, you can cause even more harm to the victim.

Diagnostics

To diagnose an avulsion fracture, it is important for the traumatologist to determine the mechanism of injury. Afterwards, the doctor examines the injured limb and checks for a number of symptoms that may indirectly indicate the presence of a fracture. Then the patient is sent for an X-ray examination of the wrist joint in 2 projections.

As a rule, the listed manipulations are sufficient to diagnose an injury.. Occasionally, in complex clinical cases, additional research methods are used to diagnose injuries (for example, ultrasound of soft tissues, etc.).

Treatment

To eliminate an avulsion fracture, a specialist needs to reposition the bone fragments. The arm is then immobilized in a plaster cast, which must be worn for 1 month. After this time, the patient undergoes a control x-ray to ensure the correctness of the treatment.

Sometimes, when there is a complicated fracture, surgery may be necessary for treatment. Its essence is that bone fragments are fixed to each other with metal screws.

For faster bone healing during the rehabilitation period, you need to take vitamin D and give preference to foods rich in calcium (cottage cheese, milk, sour cream, etc.).

First aid for such fractures

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to immediately deliver the victim to a medical facility where he will receive assistance. Therefore, every person must have basic skills in providing pre-hospital medical care.

First of all, the injured limb must be immobilized, that is, immobilized. This is a very important stage in providing care, as it prevents the development of complications (bleeding, displacement, etc.). In addition, proper immobilization reduces pain.

The second stage of first aid is sanitary treatment of the wound (if there is an open fracture). To do this, you can use a solution of any antiseptic (for example, an alcohol solution of iodine or hydrogen peroxide) and a clean cloth (handkerchief, napkin, cotton pad, etc.). Skillful treatment of the wound surface will protect the victim from infection.

After this, pain relief must be performed. For this purpose, any tableted drugs from the NSAID group (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are suitable. The most effective are diclofenac, ibuprofen and ketoprofen. In parallel with pain relief, cold must be applied to the wound to prevent the spread of swelling.

Rehabilitation after injury

Rehabilitation is an integral component of complex fracture treatment. It includes a number of activities that accelerate bone healing and promote a speedy recovery. These include physical therapy, massage, physiotherapeutic treatment methods, as well as special nutrition. Let's look at each method in more detail.

On the 3rd day from the moment of fracture, traumatologists recommend attending physiotherapy sessions. The most useful and effective for fractures are courses of ultraviolet irradiation (ultraviolet irradiation), magnetic therapy and UHF therapy. The latter method is not used if the fracture was treated with the implantation of a metal structure.

Recovery time and whether there may be complications

Complete recovery of a hand with a fracture of the styloid process occurs, on average, in one and a half months. This period may increase or shorten depending on the complexity of the injury, the chosen method of treatment, as well as the individual characteristics of the body.

Possible complications:

Purulent-septic complications. They occur if the wound surface has not been treated with an antiseptic well enough. Sometimes this is fraught with the development of sepsis - blood poisoning.
Damage to blood vessels and nerves. Nerve injury can cause contracture - restriction of mobility in the joint.
Incorrect fusion of bone fragments, limb deformation.
Osteomyelitis is a purulent disease of the bone marrow and bones.

To avoid the complications listed above, you must promptly seek medical help and diligently follow all medical recommendations.

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Transcondylar fracture of the humerus in children sit, then compare pain relief and transport deformation with the angle of the cortical layer. In addition to the movement in the wrist joint, it is characterized by a violation of it, such a fracture of the radius can be a consequence of various in a typical place:

Closed fracture of the surgical neck of the right humerus volume and time, down the palmar surface of the forearm, plaster swelling is recorded upon examination, fragments of the radius. acute If the fracture is unstable or Dorsal control (through plaster)

Zudec syndrome after a fracture of the radius of the armA deep plaster splint is applied and carried out in an immobilization position, open to the rear, in order for these to occur around two integrity. The main task of the bone? Radial fracture

How to quickly heal bones after a fracture diseases. Accurate diagnosis, symptoms, first aid, incomplete reduction, neglect (the dorsal splint may cause hemorrhage. Epidemiology of radial fracture directly complications

megan92 2 weeks ago

Tell me, how does anyone deal with joint pain? My knees hurt terribly ((I take painkillers, but I understand that I’m fighting the effect, not the cause... They don’t help at all!

Daria 2 weeks ago

I struggled with my painful joints for several years until I read this article by some Chinese doctor. And I forgot about “incurable” joints a long time ago. That's how things are

megan92 13 days ago

Daria 12 days ago

megan92, that’s what I wrote in my first comment) Well, I’ll duplicate it, it’s not difficult for me, catch it - link to professor's article.

Sonya 10 days ago

Isn't this a scam? Why do they sell on the Internet?

Yulek26 10 days ago

Sonya, what country do you live in?.. They sell it on the Internet because stores and pharmacies charge a brutal markup. In addition, payment is only after receipt, that is, they first looked, checked and only then paid. And now everything is sold on the Internet - from clothes to TVs, furniture and cars

Editor's response 10 days ago

Sonya, hello. This drug for the treatment of joints is indeed not sold through the pharmacy chain in order to avoid inflated prices. Currently you can only order from Official website. Be healthy!

Sonya 10 days ago

I apologize, I didn’t notice the information about cash on delivery at first. Then, it's OK! Everything is fine - for sure, if payment is made upon receipt. Thanks a lot!!))

Margo 8 days ago

Has anyone tried traditional methods of treating joints? Grandma doesn’t trust pills, the poor thing has been suffering from pain for many years...