Muscles

Sinuses of the dura mater in Latin. Venous sinuses. Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

Venous sinuses

Veins of the brain

Section of the skull showing the dural sinuses

Sinuses of the dura mater (venous sinuses, sinuses of the brain) - venous collectors located between the layers of the dura mater. They receive blood from the internal and external veins of the brain and participate in the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space.

Anatomy

The walls of the sinuses are formed by the dura mater, lined with endothelium. The lumen of the sinuses gapes, valves and muscular tissue, unlike other veins, are absent. In the sinus cavity there are fibrous septa covered with endothelium.

From the sinuses, blood flows into the internal jugular veins; in addition, there is a connection between the sinuses and the veins of the outer surface of the skull through reserve venous outlets.

Venous sinuses

Superior sagittal sinus(lat. sinus sagittalis superior) - is located along the upper edge of the falciform process of the dura mater, ending posteriorly at the level of the internal occipital protrusion, where it most often opens into the right transverse sinus.
Inferior sagittal sinus(lat. sinus sagittalis inferior) - spreads along the lower edge of the falx, flows into the straight sinus.
Direct sine(lat. sinus rectus) is located along the junction of the falciform process with the tentorium cerebellum. It has a tetrahedral shape, goes from the posterior edge of the inferior sagittal sinus to the internal occipital protrusion, opening into the transverse sinus.
Transverse sinus(lat. sinus transversus) - paired, located in the transverse groove of the skull bones, located along the posterior edge of the tentorium of the cerebellum. At the level of the internal occipital protrusion, the transverse sinuses communicate with each other. In the area of the mastoid angles of the parietal bones, the transverse sinuses pass into sigmoid sinuses, each of which opens through the jugular foramen into the jugular bulb.
Occipital sinus(lat. sinus occipitalis) is located in the thickness of the edge of the falx of the cerebellum, extending to the foramen magnum, then splits, and in the form of marginal sinuses opens into the sigmoid sinus or directly into the superior bulb of the jugular vein.
Cavernous sinus(lat. sinus cavernosus) - paired, located on the sides of the sella turcica. The cavity of the cavernous sinus contains the internal carotid artery with the surrounding sympathetic plexus and the abducens nerve. The oculomotor, trochlear and ophthalmic nerves pass through the walls of the sinus. The cavernous sinuses are connected to each other by intercavernous sinuses. Through the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses they connect, respectively, to the transverse and sigmoid sinuses.
Intercavernous sinuses(lat. sinus intercavernosi) - are located around the sella turcica, forming a closed venous ring with the cavernous sinuses.
Sphenoparietal sinus(lat. sinus sphenoparietalis) - paired, directed along the small wings of the sphenoid bone, opening into the cavernous sinus.
Superior petrosal sinus(lat. sinus petrosus superior) - paired, comes from the cavernous sinus along the superior petrosal groove of the temporal bone and opens into the transverse sinus.
Inferior petrosal sinus(lat. sinus petrosus inferior) - paired, lies in the lower stony groove of the occipital and temporal bones, connects the cavernous sinus with the sigmoid sinus.

Clinical significance

As a result of trauma to the dura mater, which may be caused by a fracture of the skull bones, sinus thrombosis may develop. Sinus thrombosis can also develop as a result of a neoplastic or infectious process in the skull. In turn, sinus thrombosis can cause hemorrhagic cerebral infarction.

The sinuses of the dura mater are involved in the formation of dural arteriovenous malformations (DAVM), most often observed in the area of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses, less often in the superior sagittal, petrosal sinuses or the bottom of the anterior cranial fossa (ethmoid DAVM). DAVMs are formed against the background of degenerative changes in the vascular wall, due to trauma or sinus thrombosis. Of the direct DAVMs (or post-traumatic dural arteriovenous fistulas), the most common, due to the anatomical features, is the carotid-cavernous fistula.

Images

Links

Sapin M.R., Bryksina Z.G. - Human anatomy // Education, 1995
Svistov D.V. - Pathology of the sinuses and veins of the dura mater

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what “Venous sinuses” are in other dictionaries:

This term has other meanings, see Sine (meanings). Veins of the brain ... Wikipedia- dura mater (sinus durae matris), or venous sinuses, are containers that do not collapse, deprived of | nal valves, mostly in a triangular cross-section. In some places they have crossbars, especially... Great Medical Encyclopedia

Sinuses, channels in the thickness of the dura mater in vertebrates and humans, collecting blood from the veins of the brain, its dura mater and the bones of the skull. The walls of the sinuses are tightly stretched and do not collapse when cut; there are no valves in them... ...

Another meaning: sine is a mathematical function. Sinuses (lat. sinus sinus, gulf; in anatomy) sinuses, depressions, cavities, protrusions, long closed canals; sinuses (canals) of the dura mater in vertebrates and humans, ... ... Wikipedia

sinuses of the dura mater- (sinus durae matris) venous channels formed by splitting the dura mater, lined with endothelium on the inside. The sinuses are fused to the bones of the skull in the area of the grooves; they are devoid of valves, triangular in cross section, their walls... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy

In anatomy, sinuses, depressions, cavities, protrusions, long closed canals; sinuses (canals) of the dura mater in vertebrates and humans, filled with venous blood (see Venous sinuses), cavities of some cranial... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Veins of the brain Section of the skull showing the sinuses of the dura mater Sinuses of the dura mater (venous sinuses, cerebral sinuses) venous collectors located between the layers of the dura mater. They receive... ... Wikipedia

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE

ANATOMICAL ATLAS

Dural venous sinuses

The sinuses (sinuses) circulate and drain blood and fluids that protect and bathe the brain.

Between the bilateral bends of the dura mater there are 15 dural venous sinuses - cavities filled with blood. Venous sinuses are lined with endothelium, but unlike other veins they do not have a muscular layer. Because of this, they are very thin and depend on the surrounding tissue for protection. The system of sines is shown in the illustration.

VENOUS CIRCULATION There are two sets of dural venous sinuses - at the top and at the base of the skull. They collect blood drained from the brain through the cerebral and cerebellar veins, from the red bone marrow of the skull through the diploic veins, and from the scalp through the emissary veins. The sinus system plays a key role in CSF reabsorption.

WAYS OF SPREAD OF BRAIN INFECTION

Sinuses do not have valves, so they are unable to stop the spread of infections. The connection between the facial veins and the dural venous sinuses allows a possible infection of the face to spread to the brain, which can be life-threatening.

Valveless connections between the veins around the spinal cord and the dural venous sinuses allow infection or cancer cells to travel between the body and the brain.

Sphenoparietal - sinus

It flows into the upper part of the cavernous sinus.

Superior petrosal sinus

Connects with the transverse and cavernous sinuses.

Great cerebral vein (vein of Galen)

Drains the deep parts of the brain.

Sinuses of the base of the skull

Ophthalmic vein

Drains blood from the eye orbits.

Cancellous bone

Inside it is red bone marrow.

Internal carotid artery

Passes through the cavernous sinus.

Cavernous sinuses

Inferior petrosal sinus

Not associated with dural flexures. Comes out of the skull separately.

Foramen magnum

The hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

Venous sinuses located at the base of the skull, top view.

transverse sinus

Leads to the sigmoid sinus.

Pituitary stalk

Connects the brain to the pituitary gland.

Eyeball

Optic nerve

Essential for normal vision.

Middle artery

cerebral

shell

Supplies blood to the bones of the skull. If the bones of the skull are fractured, it may be damaged.

Sigmoid sinus

Connected on both sides with the superior petrosal sinus.

Internal jugular vein

Drains the sigmoid sinus, then exits the brain through the jugular canal.

There are seven pairs of sinuses at the base of the skull. These are the transverse, inferior petrosal, superior petrosal, cavernous, sigmoid, sphenoparietal and occipital sinuses.

CAVEVERNESS SINES The cavernous sinuses are located on either side of the pituitary gland. The superior wall of each sinus is formed by a continuation of the dura mater, which covers the pituitary gland, surrounding the pituitary stalk (diaphragm sella).

There are several important structures located near the cave sinuses. These are the internal carotid artery, three nerves that provide eye movement, as well as branches of the trigeminal nerve, which provides sensitivity to the skin of the face and movement of the masticatory muscles.

Transverse sinus

In connection with the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins it forms the sigmoid sinus.

Superior sagittal sinus

Blood from superficial veins collects here.

Sickle cerebri-

The bilateral curvature of the dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres.

Superior cerebral vein -

May be damaged due to head injury. This type of injury is the most common cause of subdural bleeding.

Sigmoid sinus

Drains blood to the internal jugular vein.

Occipital sinus

Passes from the transverse sinus to the sigmoid sinus.

Direct sine

Blood from the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein collects here.

Cerebellar tent

Forms protection over the posterior cranial fossa and cerebellum.

Cavernous sinus

Several veins flow into this sinus. The cranial nerves and the internal carotid pass nearby

artery. _

sagittal sinus

Located in the free (lower) edge of the falx cerebri. It flows into the straight sinus, located in the tent of the brain

Inferior petrosal sinus

Connects with the internal jugular vein.

The human brain has a branched and complex circulatory system. Intense arterial blood supply to the nervous tissue ensures its active functional state. The structure of the venous bloodstream is no less important for brain activity. The sinuses of the dura mater act as reservoirs of venous blood, redirecting it from the microvasculature to the venules, and then to the jugular venous system.

Features of cerebral sinuses

The brain, located in the cranium, is covered with an additional case of three shells of varying density and structure. The hard shell is formed by two layers. Of these, the outer leaf is fused to the bone structures of the skull. It plays the role of periosteum. The inner leaflet of the shell is represented by a dense plate of fibrous tissue. The leaves are tightly connected, where they diverge, venous sinuses are formed.

Structural features of venous channels:

Triangular shape. The base of the triangle is the periosteum of the cranial bones, the other two sides are formed by the inner part of the hard shell.
The sinuses are located at the base of the grooves on the inner surface of the cranial bones.
The leaves of the membrane that form the sinuses are strong and tense.
There are no valves in the sinuses, which allows blood to flow freely.
The surface of the periosteum is covered with fibrous cells, and the cavity of the canals from the inside is covered with a thin endothelial layer.

In addition, there are functional features of the venous sinuses. They play the role of blood reservoirs in the veins of the brain. Thanks to them, venous blood freely descends from the brain to the internal jugular veins. Damage to the cerebral veins is quite rare in medical practice, since there is an extensive connecting network between the superficial veins and venous vessels located deep in the brain structures.

Good shunting (venous blood discharge) often saves from congestion. If problems arise in the venous circulatory system, it can be quickly eliminated due to recanalization of the veins and the formation of collaterals.

Channel localization

The sinuses of the dura mater of the brain are classified according to intracranial localization and the presence of intersinus connections. The words “sinus” and “sinus”, as well as “reservoir” are synonymous and mean the same thing.

Superior sagittal sinus

The superior sagittal sinus is characterized by considerable length and complex structure. The falx cerebri is involved in its formation. This is what is called the crescent-shaped plate. It is formed by the dura mater. The process begins from the crest of the ethmoid bone and goes backward along the midline, filling the interhemispheric gap that separates the hemispheres from each other. The groove of the superior sagittal sinus is the base of the falx.

This canal forms numerous lateral lacunae. This is the name given to small cavities that communicate with the venous network of hard leaves.

The superior sagittal sinus is equipped with the following vascular connections:

The anterior sections of the sinus are connected to the veins of the nasal cavity.
The middle sections have a connection with the venous vessels of the parietal lobes of the brain.

This vascular reservoir gradually increases in volume and expands. Its posterior section enters the common sinus drainage.

Inferior sagittal reservoir

The inferior sagittal sinus is referred to in the medical literature as sinus sagittalis inferior. It is so called because it is located in the lower segment of the falx. Compared to the upper sinus, it is much smaller in size. Due to numerous venous anastomoses, it is connected to the straight sinus.

Direct sinus

The straight sinus is located at the junction of the falx and tentorium, which covers the cerebellum. Has a sagittal direction. The great cerebral vein flows into it. The blood flow from it is directed towards the transverse venous sinus.

Transverse sinus

The transverse sinus occupies a wide groove of the same name on the surface of the occipital bone. It is located in the area where the cerebellar tentorium extends from the dura mater. It is the largest of all venous reservoirs and continues into the sigmoid venous sinuses.

Sigmoid venous reservoir

The sigmoid sinus occupies sigmoid grooves on both sides, shaped like the letter S. The external cerebral veins are connected to it. At the level of the jugular foramen, the blood flow from the sigmoid canals is directed into the bed of the internal jugular vein.

Cavernous sinus

The cavernous sinus is localized on the sides of the sella turcica, in appearance it resembles a triangle, in the upper part of which the oculomotor nerve is located, in the lateral part there is a branch of the trigeminal nerve. Its anatomy is distinguished by a large number of internal partitions. This explains its other name - cavernous sinus.

The internal part of the structure is occupied by the abducens nerve. Inside the sinus is a section of the internal carotid artery, surrounded by the sympathetic nerve plexus. Paired ophthalmic venous vessels flow into this canal. The sphenoparietal sinuses of the dura mater are associated with it.

The cavernous sinuses are connected by venous branches running along the contours of the sella turcica. Such complex vascular relationships allow the vessels to form a fairly large sinus surrounding the pituitary gland lying in the center of the sella turcica.

A continuation of this sinus are two venous reservoirs surrounding the temporal pyramids above and below. These are called the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. Connected by numerous venous vessels, the stony sinuses participate in the formation of the main plexus of venous vessels located in the occipital lobe of the brain.

Occipital venous canal

The occipital sinus is located at the base of the falx and the internal crest of the occipital bones. At the top it is connected to a transverse channel. In the lower section, this sinus is divided into two branches that surround the foramen magnum. They are connected to the right and left sigmoid sinuses. The superficial veins of the brain and the vertebral plexus of veins are connected to the occipital sinus.

The sinuses of the brain create a venous confluence, or drain. In Latin, this reservoir of venous blood is called “confluens sinuum”. It is located in the area of the cruciate eminence inside the occipital bone. The flow of venous blood from all intracranial vessels and reservoirs is directed to the jugular vein.

Thus, the structure of the human cerebral venous system is very complex. All venous channels are in one way or another interconnected not only with each other, but also with other cerebral structures.

Pathology of intracranial sinuses

Diseases of these vascular formations are most often caused by their occlusion, which can be caused by thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, or tumor compression of intracranial vessels.

Inflammatory diseases of brain structures can occur when infectious agents enter the venous blood stream (purulent emboli). The infection can be brought to the membranes of the brain from the superficial venous vessels of the skull. In this case, the development of a clinical picture of acute meningitis and encephalitis is possible. In young children, a picture of neurotoxicosis develops.

Sometimes neurosurgeons may suspect a fracture of the base of the skull when they see a picture of pulsating exophthalmos. When injured, the internal carotid artery associated with the cavernous canal is damaged. A stream of arterial blood, entering the ophthalmic veins associated with this sinus, causes pulsation, severe redness and protrusion of the eyeball. This pathology is otherwise called carotid-cavernous anastomosis, and this is one of the rarest conditions when listening to the head with a phonendoscope allows you to hear the sounds of blood in the area of the anastomosis.

When the walls of the sinus are damaged, a number of neurological symptoms appear due to damage to nearby branches and nuclei of the cranial nerves. With pathology of the cavernous sinus, oculomotor disorders and the development of trigeminal neuralgia may occur.

If the patient suffers from frequent attacks of headaches or intracranial hypertension, the development of reverse (retrograde) blood flow is possible - from the brain cavity to the superficial veins of the skull. Therefore, in children with intracranial hypertension, the pattern of veins on the scalp is clearly visible. Due to the flow of blood, the pressure inside the skull decreases. This is a compensatory mechanism for reducing intracranial pressure.

The cerebral sinuses are an important component of the cerebral venous network. Knowing their functions, structural features and localization, experts can assume the development of pathology in a certain area of the brain. To clarify the diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging with intravascular injection of a contrast agent is necessary.

Sinuses of the dura mater, sinus durae matris , are a kind of venous vessels, the walls of which are formed by sheets of the dura mater of the brain.

What the sinuses and venous vessels have in common is that both the inner surface of the veins and the inner surface of the sinuses are lined with endothelium.

The difference lies primarily in the structure of the walls. The wall of the veins is elastic, consists of three layers, their lumen collapses when cut, while the walls of the sinuses are tightly stretched, formed by dense fibrous connective tissue with an admixture of elastic fibers, the lumen of the sinuses gapes when cut.

In addition, the venous vessels have valves, and in the cavity of the sinuses there is a number of endothelium-covered fibrous crossbars and incomplete septa that spread from one wall to another and reach significant development in some sinuses. The walls of the sinuses, unlike the walls of the veins, do not contain muscle elements.

1. Superior sagittal sinus, sinus sagittalis superior, has a triangular lumen and runs along the upper edge of the falx cerebri (a process of the dura mater of the brain) from the cock's crest to the internal occipital protuberance. It most often flows into the right transverse sinus, sinus transversus dexter. Along the course of the superior sagittal sinus, small diverticula emerge - lateral lacunae, lacunae laterales.

2.Inferior sagittal sinus, sunus sagittalis inferior, stretches along the entire lower edge of the falx cerebri. At the lower edge of the falx it merges into the straight sinus, sinus rectus.

3. Direct sinus, sinus rectus, located along the junction of the falx cerebellum with the tentorium cerebellum. Has the shape of a quadrangle. Formed by the sheets of dura mater of the tentorium cerebellum. The straight sinus runs from the posterior edge of the inferior sagittal sinus to the internal occipital protuberance, where it flows into the transverse sinus, sinus transversus.

4. Transverse sinus, sinus transversus, paired, lies in the transverse groove of the skull bones along the posterior edge of the tentorium of the cerebellum. From the area of the internal occipital protrusion, where both sinuses widely communicate with each other, they are directed outward, to the area of the mastoid angle of the parietal bone. Here each of them passes into the sigmoid sinus, sinus sigmoideus, which is located in the groove of the sigmoid sinus of the temporal bone and through the jugular foramen passes into the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.

5.Occipital sinus, sinus occipitalis, passes in the thickness of the edge of the cerebellar falx along the internal occipital crest, from the internal occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum. Here it splits into marginal sinuses, which bypass the foramen magnum on the left and right and flow into the sigmoid sinus, less often - directly into the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.

The sinus drain, confluens sinuum, is located in the area of the internal occipital protrusion. Only in a third of cases are the following sinuses connected here: both sinus transversus, sinus sagittalis superior, sinus rectus.

6. Cavernous sinus, sinus cavernosus, paired, lies on the lateral surfaces of the body of the sphenoid bone. Its lumen has the shape of an irregular triangle.

The name of the sinus “cavernous” is due to the large number of connective tissue septa that penetrate its cavity. In the cavity of the cavernous sinus lie the internal carotid artery, a. carotis interna, with the surrounding sympathetic plexus, and the abducens nerve, n. abducens.

In the outer superior wall of the sinus pass the oculomotor nerve, n. oculomotorius, and trochlear, n. trochlearis; in the outer lateral wall - optic nerve, n. ophthalmicus (first branch of the trigeminal nerve).

7. Intercavernous sinuses, sinus intercavernosi, located around the sella turcica and pituitary gland. These sinuses connect both cavernous sinuses and form a closed venous ring with them.

8.Sphenoparietal sinus, sinus sphenoparietalis, paired, located along the small wings of the sphenoid bone; drains into the cavernous sinus.

9. Superior petrosal sinus, sinus petrosus superior, paired, lies in the superior stony groove of the temporal bone and comes from the cavernous sinus, reaching the sigmoid sinus with its posterior edge.

10. Inferior petrosal sinus, sinus petrosus inferior, paired, lies in the lower stony groove of the occipital and temporal bones. The sinus runs from the posterior edge of the cavernous sinus to the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.

11. Basilar plexus, plexus basilaris, lies in the area of the slope of the sphenoid and occipital bones. It looks like a network that connects both cavernous sinuses and both inferior petrosal sinuses, and below it connects with the internal vertebral venous plexus, plexus venosus vertebralis internus.

The dural sinuses receive the following veins: veins of the orbit and eyeball, veins of the inner ear, diploic veins and veins of the dura mater, veins of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Sinuses of the dura mater of the brain , sinus Durae matris , They are channels in the fissures of the dura mater, lined with endothelium, through which venous blood flows from the brain, orbit and eyeball, inner ear, skull bones and meninges. From the sinuses it enters the internal jugular vein, which originates in the region of the jugular foramen of the skull. In addition, the sinuses are involved in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid. In their structure, they differ significantly from veins; in cross section they have a triangular shape. When cut, the sinuses do not collapse; there are no valves in their lumen. This structure promotes the free flow of blood from the brain, regardless of fluctuations in intracranial pressure. Main venous sinuses:

1. Superior sagittal sinus, sinus sagittalis superior , unpaired, formed along sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris the cranial vault at the upper edge of the falx cerebri. The sinus begins from the foramen cecum of the frontal bone and reaches the internal protuberance of the occipital bone, where it flows into the sinus drainage. The superficial veins of the cerebral hemispheres, veins of the dura mater and diploic veins flow into the superior sagittal sinus.

2. Inferior sagittal sinus, sinus sagittalis inferior , unpaired, represents a splitting of the lower edge of the falx cerebri. It begins in front of the corpus callosum and ends at the junction of the great cerebral vein of Galen and the straight sinus.

3. Direct sine, sinus rectus , unpaired, located in the fissure of the tentorium cerebellum along the line of attachment of the falx cerebellum to it. Receives the great cerebral vein and the inferior sagittal sinus. It flows into the confluence of the transverse and superior sagittal sinuses. This place is called the sinus drain, confluens sinuum .

4. Transverse sinus, sinus transversus , located in the frontal plane in the groove of the same name on the occipital bone. It extends from the sinus drain to the sigmoid groove, where it continues into the sigmoid sinus of the corresponding side.

5. Sigmoid sinus, sinus sigmoideus , paired, located in the groove of the same name on the inner surfaces of the parietal, temporal and occipital bones, being a continuation of the transverse sinus. It ends in the area of the jugular foramen at the base of the skull, where it becomes the internal jugular vein.

6. Occipital sinus, sinus occipitalis , Not paired, located at the base of the cerebellar falx. Starts from the sinus drain , confluens sinuum , runs parallel to the internal occipital crest, reaches the foramen magnum, which covers the back and sides. It flows into the sigmoid sinus of the corresponding side and connects with the internal venous vertebral plexuses.

7 . Pestriate sinus, sinus cavernosus , paired, located at the base of the skull, on the sides of the sella turcica. The internal carotid artery and the abducens nerve pass through this sinus, and in its lateral wall there are the oculomotor, trochlear and ophthalmic nerves. The pulsation of the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus promotes the outflow of blood from its individual containers (caves), since the walls of the sinus are not very flexible. The sphenoparietal sinus flows into the anterior section of the sinus.

8. Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses, sinus intercavernosi anterior et posterior , located in front and behind the sella turcica in the cleft diaphragma sellae . They connect the right and left cavernous sinuses, receive the superior ophthalmic vein and blood from the basilar plexus, plexus basilaris , which is located on the slope of the skull. This plexus connects the posterior intercavernous sinus, the inferior petrosal sinus and the internal vertebral venous plexuses, forming a second pathway for the outflow of venous blood from the cranial cavity through the vertebral veins.

9. Sphenoparietal sinus, sinus sphenoparietalis , paired, located on the posterior edge of the small wings of the sphenoid bone and connects to sinus cavernosus .

10. Superior petrosal sinus, sinus petrosus superior , paired, corresponds to the groove of the superior petrosal sinus of the pyramid of the temporal bone, connects the cavernous and sigmoid sinuses.

11. Inferior petrosal sinus, sinus petrosus inferior , paired, corresponds to the groove of the inferior petrosal sinus, has a larger lumen than the superior petrosal sinus. Connects with the intercavernous sinus and basilar plexus.

Rice. 2.18. Venous sinuses of the dura mater of the brain and their connections withvv. diploicaeand external veins of the head (diagram).

1 – vv. diploicae; 2 – sinus sagittalis superior; 3 – sinus transversus et confluens sinuum; 4 – sinus sigmoideus; 5 – v. occipitalis; 6 – v. jugularis interna; 7 – v. facialis; 8 – v.angularis; 9 – sinus cavernosus; 10 – v. temporalis superficialis.