Lymphatic system. Movement of lymph. Lesson plan in biology (grade 8) on the topic: Methodological development of the lesson "Organs of the circulatory and lymphatic system"
The Human Lymphatic System category contains free video lessons on this topic. The human lymphatic system is part of the vascular system that complements cardiovascular system. It consists of lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks and ducts. The lymphatic system plays an important role in cleansing the cells and tissues of the body, and is also involved in metabolism. The lymphatic system, unlike the circulatory system, is open-ended and does not have a central pump. The movement of lymph occurs under the action of human muscles, therefore sedentary lifestyle life negatively affects his health. Studying the lymphatic system using video lessons will be useful for both beginners and more experienced doctors. Online lessons from the category Lymphatic system You can watch for free at any time convenient time. Some video lessons on the lymphatic system come with additional materials that can be downloaded. Happy learning!
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Lymph cleansing
This video lesson talks about cleansing the lymph, i.e. human lymphatic system. Toxic poisons enter the body through breathing, nutrition and skin. Then they enter the arterial system through the blood and reach the cell. They return through the lymphatic system and enter the venous system and are excreted through the skin, kidneys, liver, digestive system and through the bronchi in the form of mucus. This is a conceptual diagram of purification. Now let's figure out how we can influence it...
During this lesson we will learn about how lymph circulates through our vessels. Let's talk about their structure and functioning.
Subject:Blood and circulation
Lesson: Movement of Lymph
The main function of the lymphatic system is to remove poisons and toxins from the human body. Thus, it is directly involved in human immunity.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels (see Figure 1).
Rice. 1.
Lymphatic vessels resemble veins in structure (see Fig. 2). They have elastic walls and valves that prevent the reverse flow of liquid.
Rice. 2.
Lymph moves through the vessels, enters the thoracic duct, and from it into the neck veins, where it merges with the bloodstream.
Lymph is formed as a result of the absorption of tissue fluid into the lymphatic capillaries (see Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Lymph formation
Lymph circulates through the vessels, passing The lymph nodes.
That is, lymph is one of the fluids that form internal environment body, whose composition resembles blood. It does not contain red blood cells or platelets, but large quantities there are lymphocytes.
Lymph flow is provided by the muscles surrounding lymphatic vessels. They contract, pushing blood upward. And the reverse flow of liquid is prevented by valves in the vessels. Thus, lymph is in constant movement.
Bibliography
1. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. Biology. 8. - M.: Bustard.
2. Pasechnik V.V., Kamensky A.A., Shvetsov G.G. / Ed. Pasechnik V.V. Biology. 8. - M.: Bustard.
3. Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology. 8. - M.: Ventana-Graf.
Homework
1. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N. Biology. 8. - M.: Bustard. - P. 105, tasks and question 2, 3.
2. What are lymph nodes made of?
3. What is lymph and how is it formed?
4. Prepare a short report on diseases of the lymphatic system.
Biology lesson in 8th grade. "___"____ 20____
Movement of lymph.
Target.To give students an idea of the structure of the lymphatic system.
Tasks.
Educational. Study the structure of the lymphatic system; show the relationship between the lymphatic and circulatory systems.
Developmental.Continue to develop the skills to analyze, compare, draw conclusions based on the results of work, work with tables, perform laboratory work according to instructions, observe, solve problematic issues
Educational. Cultivate a caring attitude towards your health.
During the classes.
Org. moment.
Repetition of learned material.
Frontal survey.
Slide 2. Complete the diagram.
Slide 3. Which blood vessel is shown in the picture?
What functions does it perform?
Slide 4. Which blood vessel is shown in the picture?
What is its structure?
What functions does it perform?
Slide 5. Which blood vessel is shown in the picture?
What structure does it have, what is indicated by numbers?
What functions does it perform?
Slide 6. List the parts of the heart shown in the picture numbered 1-6.
Slide 7. What phase of the heart is shown in the figure?
Paperwork.
Slide 8. Match the parts of the heart indicated by numbers and the names indicated by letters.
Slide 9. Fill in the missing words.
The pulmonary circulation begins in (1)... ventricle and ends in (2)... atrium.
The great circle begins in (3)... ventricle and ends in (4)... atrium.
IN pulmonary artery(5) ... blood flows, and through the pulmonary veins - (6) ... .
There is blood in the left atrium and ventricle (7) ... .
There is blood in the right atrium and ventricle (8) ... .
The transformation of venous blood into arterial blood occurs in (9) ... in (10) .... the circulatory system.
Studying a new topic.
Circulatory system- not the only vascular system of our body. In most organs in the human body, in addition to the blood vessels, there are lymphatic vessels. They contain lymph.
Lymph is a light yellowish liquid of protein nature, contains water, mineral salts, glucose, amino acids, O2, CO2. It contains practically no red blood cells and contains much less proteins compared to blood plasma. But it contains a lot of lymphocytes. The amount of lymph in the human body is about 2 liters.
(slide 10) The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels are similar in structure to veins. They have elastic walls and valves that prevent the reverse flow of liquid.
It is formed from blood plasmatissue fluid, whichwashes all cells and tissues, giving them nutrients and oxygen. Then part of the tissue fluid is absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries and forms lymph.Lymphatic capillaries are present in all organs and tissues of the body, except the brain and spinal cord, cartilage and bone marrow . They have a larger diameter than blood capillaries, - up to 0.2 millimeters.Lymphatic capillaries connect with each other and formlymphatic networks.
(slide 11) From the capillaries, lymph flows into morelarge lymphatic vessels. The movement of lymph occurs from bottom to top, from the tips of the fingers and toes.That's whyOn the inner walls of the lymphatic vessels there are valves that prevent the reverse outflow of lymph.
(slide 12) Thanks to the valves, lymph moves in one direction. Lymphatic vessels end in humans with the right lymphatic and thoracic ducts. Both ducts drain lymph into the superior vena cava great circle blood circulation near the heart. From 1 to 3 liters of lymph return to the blood per day.
(slide 13) Along the course of the lymphatic vessels there are special education- The lymph nodes. Some of them in the form of rounded seals can be found under lower jaw. There are also many of them in the armpits and popliteal cavities, in the groin and among internal organs.(slide 14)
If the lymph nodes retain a lot of bacteria, they increase in size, become inflamed and painful. (slide 15)
The cause of inflammation of the lymph nodes can be infectious and bacterial diseases.
The functions of the lymphatic system are protective, drainage and nutritional. Protective function the lymphatic system is associated with the formation of lymphocytes in its nodes, the production of antibodies and the retention of pathogens various diseases. The removal of excess fluid enters the tissues from the bloodstream through loosely adjacent capillary epithelial cells and is ensured by the capillaries of the lymphatic system, which flow into large vessels and, finally, into the veins of the systemic circulation. Some of the lipids that are absorbed in the small intestine are also transported with lymph.
The main function of the lymphatic system is to remove poisons and toxins from the human body.
Thus, the structure of the lymphatic system includes capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks and ducts. In essence, the lymphatic system is part of the body's vascular system, complementary to the cardiovascular system.
Reinforcing the material learned . (slide 16)
Practical work"Oxygen starvation."
Briefly tighten your finger with a pharmaceutical rubber ring, twisting it with a figure eight. Explain the reasons for the observed phenomena. (pp. 84-85)
| Observation result | Cause |
| Redness of the finger | |
| Whitening of the finger | |
| Tingling in the finger (feeling like crawling) | |
| Deterioration of finger sensitivity |
Homework. § 18
Lymphatic system
Closely related to the circulatory system. Fabric supply nutrients and oxygen from the blood occurs through tissue fluid. 1/4 of the total body mass is tissue fluid and lymph. Penetrating into the lumen of the lymphatic capillaries, tissue fluid changes its chemical composition, enriches shaped elements and thus turns into lymph. Lymph contains lymphocytes, a small number of eosinophils, and monocytes.
The lymphatic system includes vessels of different diameters, lymph nodes, as well as lymphatic organs - tonsils, lymphatic follicles (nodules) of the mucous membranes. Lymph moves in one direction - from the organs to the heart - and pours into the venous bed.
All massage manipulations are better and even sometimes necessary to be carried out along the lymphatic vessels, thereby accelerating lymphatic drainage from organ tissues. Lymph nodes perform hematopoietic and protective (barrier) functions. Lymphocytes multiply in them and pathogenic microbes are phagocytosed. Immune bodies are also produced in the lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system begins with lymphatic capillaries. They are a closed system of tubes. From the capillaries, lymph enters the lymphatic vessels. The direction of lymph flow is ensured big amount valves, which are mainly arranged in pairs. Larger lymphatic vessels accompany the blood vessels, entwining them. All lymph passes through the thoracic lymphatic duct 6 times a day, and a complete blood circulation is completed in 20–25 s. Along the path of the lymphatic vessels, nodes are located in certain places - these are formations of dense consistency, of various sizes and shapes. Lymph nodes are biological filters for lymph flowing through them; at pathological conditions lymph nodes may suddenly enlarge.
Lymph nodes are located in groups in certain places, often along the blood vessels, shrouded in loose connective tissue. The most permanent and numerous groups of nodes are located in the neck, chest (near the trachea and bronchi), abdomen, groin area, in the axillary cavity, etc.
Each lymph node receives several lymphatic vessels. The flow of lymph in the nodes slows down, enrichment occurs here cellular elements. Lymph flows through the efferent lymphatic vessels into the lymphatic ducts. The main one is the thoracic duct, which collects lymph from almost the entire body, with the exception of right half head and neck, right upper limb, the right half of the heart and parts of the diaphragm and liver. From the listed areas right side The right duct receives the lymph.
The thoracic duct begins in abdominal cavity at level 2 lumbar vertebra from the fusion of the right, left lumbar and intestinal trunks. Lymph flows through the lumbar trunks into the thoracic duct from lower limbs, pelvis and abdominal walls. Along the intestinal trunk - from the abdominal organs. From the abdominal cavity, the thoracic duct passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm into the chest cavity. At the level of 4–5 thoracic vertebrae, the duct shifts to the left, exits the neck and flows into the left venous angle, formed by the connection of the subclavian and internal jugular veins.
To the final part thoracic duct 3 trunks flow into: left bronchostinal, left jugular, left subclavian. The right lymphatic duct is very short (only up to 1.5 cm), it flows into the right venous angle. Along the right lymphatic duct in venous blood lymph flows from the right half chest, right half of the head and neck, right upper limb.
Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the lower limb are divided into deep and superficial (Fig. 13, a).
Superficial ones begin from the lymphatic network in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, located on top of its own fascia, and accompany the superficial veins.
Rice. 13. Superficial lymphatic vessels of the lower limb (a) and upper limb (b)
Deep lymphatic vessels collect lymph from bone tissue, bone marrow and periosteum of the bones of the foot, leg, thigh, from capsules and ligaments of joints, from muscles, nerves, fascia of intermuscular tissue. They run everywhere next to deep blood vessels, starting on the back of the foot and on the sole. Most of vessels carries lymph to the popliteal nodes, then they rise along with femoral artery and reach the deep inguinal nodes.
Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the upper limb are also divided into deep and superficial (Fig. 13, 6). Superficial ones begin from the lymphatic networks of the skin and palmar surface fingers, then the vessels flow into the ulnar nodes, and through the efferent vessels from these nodes the lymph flows into the axillary nodes. Deep lymphatic vessels begin on the fingers and hands, collect lymph from bones, joints, muscles, go along with the main arteries of the forearm and reach the axillary nodes.
The axillary nodes lie superficially and receive lymph from the superficial lymphatic vessels of the arm, chest wall, back and breast.
The central nervous system does not have lymph nodes. In the head area (Fig. 14) There are occipital, postauricular, cervical (parotid), mandibular, mental and other lymphatic vessels and nodes. There are also deep and superficial lymphatic vessels on the head and neck. Deep cervical lymph nodes accompany the jugular vein in large numbers, and superficial ones lie near the external jugular vein. It is into these nodes that lymph flows from almost all the lymphatic vessels of the head and neck, including the efferent vessels of other lymph nodes in these areas.
Rice. 74. Superficial lymphatic vessels of the face, head and neck (according to V. A. Stange)
Lymphatic vessels and nodes chest cavity also divided into superficial and deep, which accompany the blood vessels at the hilum of the lungs. From here, the lymphatic vessels are directed to numerous large bronchopulmonary nodes located along the bronchi and especially at the tracheal bifurcation. Lymphatic vessels of the esophagus, diaphragm, liver, back, intercostal, pectoral muscles, mammary glands drain into the lymph nodes of the mediastinum, diaphragmatic, intercostal nodes (rice. 75, A).
Rice. 15. Superficial lymphatic vessels:
a – front surface of the body; b – posterior surface of the body
Lymph nodes and vessels of the abdominal cavity are located along the blood vessels. Just along the way abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava are the lumbar nodes. The celiac nodes are located in the abdominal cavity. In the pelvic area, all lymph nodes passing along the blood vessels have similar names (Fig. 15, b).
The external iliac, internal iliac and common iliac lie near the arteries of the same name, and the sacral nodes lie on the pelvic surface of the sacrum near the median sacral artery. Lymph from the organs flows mainly into the internal iliac and sacral nodes. Lymph flows into the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity from the organs of this cavity and partially from its walls. The lumbar lymph nodes also receive lymph from the lower extremities and pelvis. Massage manipulations significantly accelerate the movement of lymph. Considering the importance of lymph flow in the elimination residual effects inflammation, massage manipulations should always be carried out from the periphery to the center, i.e. in the direction of lymph flow along the lymphatic pathways to the lymph nodes. Massage can regulate lymph flow, which is very important for injuries and diseases.
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