ethnoscience

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotic therapy. How to help yourself? Nasopharyngeal dysbiosis symptoms and treatment

In the human oral cavity there are many microorganisms (aerobes, obligate and facultative anaerobes, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria), which coexist quite peacefully if they are in a certain ratio.

Violation of the quantitative balance leads to the development of oral dysbiosis. One of the most common causes of the disease is the irrational use of antibiotics. Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity is manifested by inflammation of the mucous membrane, which can lead to the development of stomatitis, glossitis, and bacterial tonsillitis.

Reasons for the development of oral dysbiosis

As a rule, oral dysbiosis develops due to the proliferation of yeast-like fungi Candida albicans. These fungi have an adhesive ability to the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, and the presence of carious cavities in teeth creates conditions for their long-term existence.

With prolonged antibiotic therapy or immunodeficiency, the obligate microflora that suppresses the development of fungi dies due to which candidiasis develops. Proteases, neuraminidases and other enzymes synthesized by fungi play an important role in pathogenesis.

Yeast fungi attach to the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, and sucrose, glucose, maltose and other carbohydrates further increase adhesion activity. The strength of attachment (adhesiveness) of the fungus determines its ability to spread. For example, C. albicans attaches to epithelial cells 1.5 times faster than other species, and the more antibiotics a person takes, the stronger the adhesion.

The yeast-like fungus destroys tooth enamel and “settles” in carious cavities and further contributes to the development of fungal stomatitis and tonsillitis. Lactic acid produced by lactobacilli prevents the proliferation of yeast-like fungi, so microorganisms cannot multiply uncontrollably.

However, they are given this opportunity if a person takes antibiotics (especially broad-spectrum antibiotics) or suffers from immunodeficiency conditions. Candidiasis can cause local lesions of the oral cavity or provoke multiple lesions of internal organs (generalized candidiasis).

The development of oral dysbiosis can be caused by:

intestinal infections;
chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
a diet limiting the consumption of animal protein;
lack of vitamins;
allergic diseases;
use of medications (hormonal contraceptives, steroids, antiviral drugs);
smoking and drinking alcohol.

To confirm the diagnosis, bacteriological tests are performed:

bacterial culture of saliva or scrapings from the gums. The analysis makes it possible to determine the degree of contamination of the oral cavity with pathogenic microorganisms;
urease test. Reveals the ratio of urease and lysozyme (if the indicator is more than one, then this indicates the development of dysbacteriosis);
Gram staining. The quantitative ratio of gram-positive and gram-negative microbes is checked;
determining the amount of bacteria in exhaled air and comparing the indicator with a smear taken from the oral cavity.

Signs of oral dysbiosis

Bacteriosis of the oral cavity proceeds relatively slowly; its development is divided into three stages:

Compensation. There is a slight increase in pathogenic microflora. If the body's immune defense is sufficient, the disease does not progress. The only sign of pathology is bad breath;
Subcompensations. The disease progresses as the number of harmful microbes increases. Symptoms of dysbacteriosis at this stage are more pronounced (burning and dry mouth, a noticeable coating on the tongue, bad breath, discolored mucous membrane);
Decompensation. Local immunity is reduced, so there are no obstacles to the development of pathogenic flora, which makes up the majority of the oral microflora. Lesions appear on the mucous membrane, bleeding gums, inflammation of the tonsils and soft palate are noted, and a putrid odor from the mouth is characteristic.

As the pathology progresses, inflammatory and dystrophic processes spread to the throat

If left untreated, oral dysbiosis manifests itself:

inflammation of the gums and mucous membrane;
the presence of plaque on the tongue and teeth;
gingivitis (bleeding gums);
the occurrence of ulcers, erosions on the mucous membrane and tongue;
swelling, redness and soreness;
putrid odor, unpleasant taste in the mouth;
dry facial skin, cracks in the corners of the mouth.

In some cases, there are no symptoms of oral dysbiosis, and the disease becomes chronic, leading to frequent ARIs. Plaque or ulcers are clearly visible in photographs of the patients’ oral cavity, so you can suspect a pathology simply by looking at the tongue.

Treatment

Depending on the stage of the disease and its causative agent, therapy is prescribed, which may include:

sanitation of the oral cavity. Plaque and tartar must be removed from the teeth, and carious cavities must also be filled, since they act as a breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria;
taking antiseptics or antimycotics to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms;
taking immunostimulants. These drugs help increase local and systemic immunity;
consumption of vitamins. Vitamins A, E, C help restore the oral mucosa. In addition, with pathology, the absorption of nutrients is impaired, and vitamin complexes help to avoid a lack of vitamins and minerals.

The causative agents of disease are most often fungi of the genus Candida, Escherichia coli, Proteus, and enterococci.

Depending on the causative agent of the disease, antibacterial or antimycotic drugs are prescribed. To destroy bacterial microflora in the oral cavity, the following can be used:

"Tantum Verde". It has an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effect and also reduces pain. The active substance is benzydamine hydrochloride. Available in the form of a spray, lozenges, and solution. You need to take the product every three hours;
"Orasept." The active ingredients are phenol (fungicidal and antifungal action) and glycerin (relieves irritation). Available in spray form;
"Yox." Contains povidone-iodine, allantoin, levomenthol, due to which it has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. The drug is active against gram-positive and gram-negative cocci, protozoan viruses, and yeast. Available in solution and spray;
"Chlorhexidine." Has a bactericidal effect. So, rinse the mouth with a 0.5% solution for 30 seconds, then spit out the liquid.

If dysbiosis of the oral cavity has developed due to a fungus, then the drug “Candide” is prescribed, the active component of which is clotrimazole, which has an antimycotic and antibacterial effect. The product destroys mold and yeast-like fungi, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The solution is used to wipe the affected areas of the mucous membrane.

In severe cases of the disease, the doctor prescribes narrow-spectrum drugs that are aimed at combating a specific type of bacteria. So, when staphylococcus is detected, macrolides or pyobacteriophage (Josamycin, Clarithromycin) are prescribed, enterococci are destroyed with macrolides, penicillins, nitrofurans (Furazolidone), drugs nalidixic acid, sulfonamides will get rid of Proteus, and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gentomycin is indicated.

Also, treatment of oral dysbiosis involves the use of prebiotics and probiotics. Prebiotics stimulate the development of beneficial microflora. They are not digested or absorbed in the stomach and intestines, but are broken down by the microflora of the large intestine, that is, they are food for bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

Prebiotics include di- and trisaccharides, oligo- and polysaccharides, amino acids, peptides, polyhydric alcohols, enzymes, fatty acids, antioxidants and others.

Biotics can be naturally or artificially synthesized

Natural prebiotics are found in cereals and bran, seaweed, vegetables, fruits and dried fruits, leafy greens, and dairy products (lactulose and lactose). They love beneficial bacteria and inulin contained in garlic, onions, bananas, chicory, and wheat. Synthesized prebiotics can be purchased at the pharmacy (Duphalac, Normaze, Laktofiltrum).

Probiotics contain live beneficial bacteria that prevent the development of pathogenic microflora. Pharmaceutical preparations may contain one strain of bacteria (lactobacteria, bifidobacteria) or several types of microorganisms that enhance each other’s effects. Probiotics include “Acilakt”, “Bifidumbacterin”, “Lactobacterin”, “Linex”, “Polibacterin”, “Hilak forte”.

Products are available in capsules, tablets, powders, suspensions, and suppositories. The duration of their intake varies depending on the generation of the probiotic (from 4 weeks to 7 days). “BioGaia” is effective for oral dysbacteriosis. This medicine contains lactobacilli. It is used sublingually (placed under the tongue or chewed), which means it has only a local effect.

Live microcultures are also found in kefir, yoghurt, curdled milk, kumiss, cottage cheese, buttermilk, quick-ripening cheese, sauerkraut and other drinks prepared using starter culture or enzymes. More than 10 types of beneficial bacteria are involved in the production of kefir; fermented baked milk and yogurt contain mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria, acidophilus bacilli; 1 gram of cheese contains almost 100 million beneficial bacteria.

When treating oral dysbiosis, it is necessary not only to increase the consumption of foods containing beneficial probiotics and prebiotics, but also to exclude fast carbohydrates, fast food, fatty, fried and salty foods from the diet.

The more sweets a person eats, the more yeast-like fungi attach to epithelial cells, which means it is more difficult to get rid of them

Traditional medicine

Folk remedies will help get rid of oral dysbiosis:

homemade curdled milk. You need to boil a liter of milk and add a few pieces of dried black bread to it, leave to infuse in a warm place for a day. Consume yogurt within a week;
strawberries Berries stimulate salivation, which leads to the release of substances that destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, conditions are created for the reproduction of obligate microflora;
bloodroot. Potentilla decoction has soothing, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. A spoonful of the dried plant is poured with two glasses of boiling water and boiled for half an hour. You need to drink the decoction twice a day before meals.

To prevent the development of dysbiosis, it is necessary to monitor oral hygiene, adhere to a healthy diet, and promptly treat gastrointestinal diseases. Since doctors consider medication use to be the main factor in the development of pathology, the use of antibiotics, hormonal and antiviral drugs should be monitored by the attending physician. If drug therapy is long-term, then prophylactic administration of drugs based on bifidobacteria and lactobacilli is advisable.

Numerous microorganisms live in the oral cavity and nasopharynx (there are a hundred times more anaerobes - lovers of oxygen than aerobes - living without oxygen). These are bacteroids, porphyromonas, prevotella, eubacteria, fusobacteria, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, Haemophilus influenzae, neisseria, spirochetes, leptotrichia, streptococci, staphylococci, peptococci, peptostreptococci, veillonella, Candida fungi, protozoa (Entamaeba gingival is and Trichomonas tenax) and other organisms . Antimicrobial components of saliva (antibodies and lysozyme) inhibit the action of foreign microbes. Fibronectin(related in properties to gram-positive bacteria) covers the mucous membrane and inhibits the growth of gram-negative bacteria. All types of microflora living in symbiosis with humans are in a certain quantitative ratio with each other.

When antiseptic drugs and antibiotics are abused to treat various diseases of the oral cavity and pharynx (throat), the balance of microflora can be disrupted, that is, it can cause a imbalance in the quantitative ratio of beneficial and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms (and towards an increase in pathogenic species). And against this background, dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis) develops.

Dysbacteriosis itself subsequently becomes the cause of inflammatory processes in the mouth, throat and nasopharynx. If there is a tendency to such frequent diseases as tonsillitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or oral candidiasis develops, then one may suspect that the microflora is disturbed and needs to be restored. In addition to measures to support the immune system and taking additional amounts of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacteria and Bifidobacteria), bacteriophages are successfully used. In order to know what type of bacteriophage to use, a bacterial culture test is taken (smear from the oral cavity and nasopharynx). Next, it is determined whether the found strain of bacteria reacts to this bacteriophage and, if the phage sensitivity of the bacteria is confirmed, they begin taking the bacteriophage.

Suitable for the treatment and prevention of dysbiosis of the oral cavity, pharynx, nasopharynx: Pyobacteriophage polyvalent purified ( Sextaphage), Staphylococcal bacteriophage, Streptococcal bacteriophage, Pyobacteriophage combined. They are used in the form of rinsing, irrigation of mucous membranes, and instillation into the nose. When rinsing, it should be taken into account that the bacteriophage foams a lot, so you need to put a little bit of it into your mouth. Rinsing with a bacteriophage solution is carried out followed by swallowing the solution.

Bacteriophage in ENT practice.

In case of inflammatory or purulent-inflammatory processes in ENT diseases in the nose, nasopharynx, pharynx or ear (for example: tonsillitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, sinusitis, otitis), there is also the possibility of using bacteriophage. To treat otitis media, bacteriophage is used in the form of turundas moistened with a solution or rinsing the middle ear cavities. To treat inflammation in the sinuses, the nasal cavity and nasopharynx are washed with a bacteriophage, or the turundas moistened with the bacteriophage are left in the nose for a while. The turundas are left for an hour and a half, then changed several times during the day. Since a certain bacteriophage targets only a certain type of bacterium, it is necessary to select the bacteriophage according to the pathogenic bacterium that caused the purulent or inflammatory process. To do this, take a smear from the site of the lesion and do a bacterial culture. And only after identifying the pathogen is a phage selected.

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that since the bacteriophage is stored in a refrigerator (not in a freezer!), the solution must be warmed in your hands before use, or held for a short time at room temperature. But only that part of the solution that you use, and the entire bottle with the remaining contents is put back in the refrigerator.

Dysbacteriosis Vaginal sphincter is a disease characterized by an imbalance between the normal microflora of the vagina and other bacteria or microorganisms.

Vaginal dysbiosis is not a sexually transmitted infection, since in most cases this disease is caused by various opportunistic microorganisms that do not cause any specific inflammatory reaction. Today, this pathology is quite widespread and affects mainly women aged 30 to 45 years.

Normal vaginal microflora

The normal microflora of the vagina is represented by several types of bacteria, the most significant of which are lactobacilli, that is, bacteria capable of producing lactic acid. These microorganisms were first described by the German gynecologist Doderlein, after whom they are often called Doderlein's bacilli.

Normal vaginal microflora consists of the following microorganisms:

lactobacilli ( more than 90%);
bifidobacteria ( less than 10%);
opportunistic microorganisms ( candida, ureaplasma, Gardnerella vaginalis, etc.).

Lactobacilli that live in the vagina represent the first line of defense of the lower genital organs against infection. This property is manifested due to their ability to produce lactic acid and a number of other substances that inhibit the growth and development of other types of bacteria. Laboratory studies revealed that Doderlein's bacilli are capable of inhibiting ( block) development of Escherichia coli, vaginal gardnerella, gonorrhea pathogens and a number of other pathogenic and opportunistic organisms.

It should be noted that other microorganisms also live on the vaginal mucosa, which normally play an extremely insignificant role, since they are found there in small quantities, and their reproduction is suppressed by Doderlein's bacilli. These bacteria are usually classified as opportunistic, that is, they are organisms that under normal conditions are not capable of causing the development of infection. However, when the balance between them and lactobacilli changes or when the immune system is weakened, they begin to colonize the vagina and, thereby, provoke changes in the local environment with the development of a local inflammatory reaction.

Causes of vaginal dysbiosis

The development of dysbiosis is based on an imbalance between normal and pathogenic microflora, with the predominant development of pathogenic bacteria. Such an illness can occur against the backdrop of a fairly large number of reasons, among which changes in the general condition of the body, hormonal levels, personal hygiene, and medications taken play a major role.

Vaginal dysbiosis can develop for the following reasons:

Reduced immunity. A decrease in immunity leads to the fact that the body is unable to fight pathogenic bacteria, which eventually colonize the vaginal mucosa and displace the normal microflora, while significantly changing the internal environment. Due to changes in local conditions, the growth and reproduction of normal lactobacilli is hampered, which further aggravates the infection and promotes the development of pathogenic organisms. A decrease in immunity can occur against the background of other systemic infections, HIV infection, and when taking immunomodulatory medications ( steroids, chemotherapy for the treatment of tumors, drugs that suppress the immune system after organ transplantation, etc.), as well as under stress and fatigue.
Sudden climate changes. With sudden climate changes that occur when moving or traveling, the body experiences quite a lot of stress, which affects the normal functioning of the immune system, weakening it. In addition, new conditions may be more favorable for pathogenic bacteria, which, combined with decreased immunity, contributes to the development of infection.
Sexually transmitted infections. Typically, vaginal dysbiosis is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection, since in venereal diseases there is a transfer of a certain bacterium from one partner to another with the development of a specific inflammatory reaction, and not just an imbalance between normal and pathogenic microflora. However, in most cases, without the necessary tests, it is impossible to accurately identify which specific microorganism caused the pathology. In addition, it should be noted that in some situations, sexually transmitted infections do not cause a significant clinical picture ( symptoms and manifestations), but only weaken local protective factors, opening the gates for opportunistic bacteria, thereby provoking true dysbacteriosis.
Hormonal imbalances. Changes in hormonal levels, which can occur during menopause, during pregnancy or childbirth, as well as during puberty, are another risk factor that can contribute to the colonization of the vaginal mucosa by opportunistic microorganisms. This occurs due to a number of physiological changes that accompany hormonal changes. The microstructure of the mucous membranes of the genital organs changes to some extent, their blood supply and local immunity change, and favorable conditions are created for the development of pathogenic bacteria.
Antibacterial therapy. Irrational antibacterial therapy is one of the main reasons for the development of dysbiosis. Any use of antibiotics must be medically justified and must be coordinated with your doctor. Dysbacteriosis occurs due to the fact that antibacterial drugs have a greater effect on the normal microflora, thereby creating an imbalance. This leads to the fact that the mucous membrane begins to actively colonize pathogenic ( pathogenic) bacteria.
Pathologies accompanying intestinal dysbiosis. With intestinal dysbiosis, not only local but also systemic changes occur, which to one degree or another affect the functioning of the body. Usually the absorption of certain nutrients and microelements is impaired, the functioning of the immune system changes, and the higher nervous and hormonal spheres suffer. All this can lead to the development of vaginal dysbiosis.
Frequent douching. Frequent douching, contrary to popular belief, does not contribute to the health of the genital organs, but, on the contrary, creates the preconditions for the occurrence of certain pathologies. This is due to the fact that with excessive douching, the internal conditions on the vaginal mucous membranes change, the acid-base balance is disrupted, which leads to a deviation in the balance of microflora towards pathogenic microorganisms.
Frequent change of sexual partners. Frequently changing sexual partners increases the likelihood of encountering new pathogenic bacteria, and also significantly increases the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection.
Violation of personal hygiene rules. Vaginal dysbiosis quite often occurs due to non-compliance with personal hygiene rules ( insufficiently frequent changing of tampons during menstruation, improper washing, dirty laundry, etc.).

Among the microorganisms that cause vaginal dysbiosis, primarily opportunistic bacteria are isolated, which in extremely small quantities constitute the normal microflora.

With vaginal dysbiosis, the following microorganisms are often detected:

candida ( microscopic fungus that causes thrush);
ureaplasma;
gardnerella vaginalis;
other microorganisms.

It should be noted that small changes in the bacterial ratio do not cause symptoms of vaginal dysbiosis, since the body activates a number of compensatory and protective mechanisms. However, with further progression of the disease, the number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria decreases, and the number of opportunistic flora increases.

Symptoms of vaginal dysbiosis

Vaginal dysbiosis does not always manifest itself with any clinical signs. This disease provokes the onset of symptoms only when the aggressive factors are sufficient to completely change the vaginal microflora.

In most cases, the manifestations of this pathology are nonspecific. The symptoms are not expressed and appear periodically. Often, a woman with this pathology has no complaints at all.

The following symptoms are characteristic of vaginal dysbiosis:

White or yellow-white vaginal discharge with unpleasant ( often fishy) smell. Normally, discharge from the genitals is colorless and odorless. Often, the unpleasant odor intensifies after sexual intercourse, which is associated with the effect of sperm on vaginal discharge and the release of odorous substances.
Discomfort during or after sexual intercourse. Disturbances in the composition of the microflora can cause point inflammatory processes, which become the cause of pain.
Burning sensation during urination. This symptom occurs because urine has an irritating effect on the inflamed mucous membrane.
Dryness of the vaginal mucosa. It occurs due to the fact that the cells of the mucous membrane affected by microbes secrete mucus worse.

Subjective sensations such as severe pain ( at rest) or itching in the vaginal area with uncomplicated dysbacteriosis is usually absent.

Diagnosis and treatment of vaginal dysbiosis

The diagnosis of vaginal dysbiosis is usually based on data obtained during the examination, as well as from a number of laboratory tests. The most informative is a smear from the vaginal mucosa, during microscopy of which the microflora can be examined. Another research method is to inoculate a vaginal sample on a nutrient medium, followed by identification of the grown microorganisms.

Treatment of vaginal dysbiosis is comprehensive and is aimed at eliminating the causes of the disease, the mechanisms of its development, as well as alleviating symptoms.

To treat vaginal dysbiosis, the following methods are used:

To suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, antibacterial drugs are used, which are prescribed systemically ( in the form of tablets or injections), and locally ( in the form of creams or suppositories). Sometimes anti-inflammatory drugs and antiseptics are additionally used.
To boost immunity, immunomodulatory drugs are prescribed, and deficiencies of vitamins, minerals and trace elements are corrected.
The underlying disease is treated ( intestinal dysbiosis, genitourinary tract infection, hormonal changes).
To populate the vaginal mucosa with normal microorganisms and restore the physiological microflora, various suppositories containing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are used.

In the absence of adequate treatment, vaginal dysbiosis can cause the development of vaginitis or colpitis ( vaginal inflammation) and a number of other serious diseases. This significantly increases the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections, as well as the development of other pathologies.

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity

Oral dysbiosis is a very common problem in the world, which, according to some authors, occurs in more than 70% of the world's population. Due to the secretion of saliva, consumption of food and the characteristics of the mucous membrane in the oral cavity, a relatively stable microflora is formed, represented by various types of microorganisms. Oral dysbiosis refers to changes in the composition or quantity of these microbes. This can become a prerequisite for the development of a number of different pathologies.

Normal composition of oral microflora

Microorganism	Detection rate in patients (% )	Normal amount in 1 ml of saliva
*Streptococcus mutans*
*Streptococcus salivarius*		approximately 10 7
*Streptococcus mitis*
*Neisseria (saprophytic, non-pathogenic species)*
*Lactobacilli*
*Staphylococcus*
*Other cocci*
*Mushrooms*

Also, almost all patients have anaerobic streptococci ( peptococci), bacteroids, actinomycetes, anaerobic diphtheroids. Facultative microflora is found much less frequently and in small quantities ( temporary). However, among its representatives, opportunistic microorganisms that can cause various pathologies are more common.

Causes of oral dysbiosis

There are many different factors that influence the composition of the oral microflora. It is quite difficult to identify any root cause for this problem. Most patients have a combination of several factors. In general, new microorganisms enter the oral cavity with inhaled air or food. Some of them are swallowed and enter other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

The formation of oral microflora is influenced by the following factors:

the presence of chronic diseases of teeth and gums;
intensity of saliva secretion;
content of dust and harmful impurities in the air ( depends on the climate zone);
redox potential of the oral cavity;
acid-base balance;
diet and products;
quality of hygienic care;
presence of structural abnormalities ( cleft palate, dental anomalies, etc.);
the presence of chronic tonsillitis and inflammatory processes in the tonsils;
state of the immune system.

As a rule, with advanced caries or chronic inflammatory processes on the tonsils, an additional amount of opportunistic bacteria constantly enters the oral cavity. In addition, heavy smokers with experience and people who abuse alcohol have certain changes at the level of the oral mucosa. They often suffer from excess saliva or, conversely, dry mouth. All this also contributes to the development of dysbiosis.

Symptoms of oral dysbiosis

Changes in the microflora of the oral cavity can manifest themselves in different ways. As noted above, they can be a consequence of some diseases of the oral cavity, but they can also be their cause ( if dysbiosis developed earlier for other reasons). In the early stages, there may be no symptoms at all, and the patient will not contact a specialist. In the later stages, dysbiosis causes various symptoms and manifestations that are typical for various pathologies of the oral cavity. That is why experts rarely identify it as a separate pathology. More often, oral dysbiosis is spoken of as a syndrome that accompanies other diseases.

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity can manifest itself as follows:

dry mouth;
plaque on the tongue and teeth;
unpleasant taste in the mouth;
bad breath;
the appearance of inflamed and reddened areas on the tongue or mucous membrane of the mouth;
dental caries;
inflammation of the gums;
the appearance of painful formations ( bubbles) on the tongue or oral mucosa;
frequent inflammation of the tonsils.

All these symptoms and signs may indicate chronic oral dysbiosis. Correct diagnosis and treatment often relieve patients from such problems. In addition, restoration of normal microflora reduces the risk of developing other dental diseases.

Diagnosis and treatment of oral dysbiosis

It is quite difficult to diagnose oral dysbiosis due to the wide range of normal limits and individual differences in the composition of the microflora in different people. In principle, the diagnosis is made by a microbiological laboratory. The analysis usually takes a smear from the mucous membrane or saliva. It is advisable to take the test 8-12 hours after eating, when there are no food particles left on the teeth ( they develop uncharacteristic microflora in excess quantities). Examination of the oral cavity and assessment of clinical symptoms is usually performed by a dentist.

Treatment of dysbiosis is selected individually depending on the symptoms and concomitant pathologies. In the case of oral dysbacteriosis, microflora can be influenced in various ways.

The most common forms of treatment are:

mouthwash solutions ( disinfectants);
special toothpastes;
lollipops and tablets for disinfecting the oral cavity and restoring the acid-base balance;
systemic antibiotic therapy ( rarely, mainly with complications).

In more severe cases, patients will need to be treated for chronic infections in the mouth. To do this, sometimes it is necessary to open purulent pockets and remove cysts in the gums and teeth. Your doctor may also recommend having your tonsils removed ( tonsil). When pathogenic bacteria are identified, antibiotic therapy is often prescribed. The main goal of treatment is to eliminate chronic foci of infection and destroy pathogenic microflora. Normal microflora multiplies on its own over time and colonizes the mucous membrane.

When treating oral dysbiosis, you must adhere to the following rules:

quit smoking ( including electronic cigarettes and hookahs);
do not drink strong alcoholic drinks;
when eating, give preference to plant foods and brush your teeth after each meal;
abstain from orogenital sexual contacts;
follow the recommendations of your doctor.

Oral dysbiosis can be a very unpleasant problem if the disease is neglected. Treatment lasts on average 2 – 3 weeks, but sometimes it lasts for a month. This is influenced by the correct diagnosis and the patient’s responsible approach to treatment.

Skin dysbiosis

Human skin is the organ that most often comes into contact with the outside world. Because of this, many different microorganisms live on its surface, the number and species composition of which change very quickly. Therefore, the very concept of “skin dysbiosis” is practically not used in medicine. It is simply very difficult to determine which microorganisms in this case are normal and which are pathogenic and dangerous.

In general, to eliminate skin problems, you need to visit a dermatologist. He will find out the cause of various disorders and prescribe the correct treatment. Patients should simply keep their skin clean, wash regularly and, if possible, use additional nutrients. This will really prevent the development of various pathogenic bacteria, and the risk of them entering the body will be reduced.

Before use, you should consult a specialist.

The mucous membrane of the oral cavity contains a large amount of microflora, which is individual in each person: there are both opportunistic and completely harmless microbes. When this delicate balance is disturbed, oral dysbiosis forms in the body, which can be complicated by other infectious diseases.

What is dysbiosis in the oral cavity?

Dysbacteriosis is a chronic pathological condition that occurs as a result of an imbalance between the number of beneficial and harmful microorganisms, in which harmful ones predominate. Dysbacteriosis in the oral cavity, the treatment and diagnosis of which is not particularly difficult, currently occurs in every third person.

Preschool children, the elderly and people with weakened immune systems are most susceptible to the effects of the bacterium: cancer patients, patients with HIV and primary immunodeficiency. In healthy adults, symptoms of dysbiosis are rare.

Causes

Oral dysbiosis is a multifactorial disease that develops due to the influence of a whole group of completely different factors. Each of them separately from each other may not cause negative consequences, but when interacting together, the disease is guaranteed to occur.

The main factors causing the disease:

Diagnostics

To accurately diagnose oral dysbiosis in a patient, it is necessary to conduct a series of simple bacteriological tests. You also need to analyze the symptoms that indicate dysbiosis.

Laboratory methods for diagnosing dysbiosis:

Stages of disease development and symptoms

This article talks about typical ways to solve your issues, but each case is unique! If you want to find out from me how to solve your particular problem, ask your question. It's fast and free!

Any pathological process occurring in the body is characterized by a certain stage. Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity has a fairly slow and long course, which makes it possible to clearly distinguish between all stages and their characteristic clinical picture.

There are three stages in the course of the disease:

How to treat?

Modern medicine offers a wide range of medicines of varying effectiveness. For those who prefer to treat themselves and choose instant homemade recipes, there are also a large number of methods. When using certain infusions and decoctions, it is recommended to consult a specialist, and dysbiosis in the oral cavity will not bother you.

Drugs for oral dysbiosis

Currently, two groups of drugs are widely used: probiotics and prebiotics. Both groups are successfully used to treat various stages of dysbiosis.

Probiotics contain a large number of beneficial bacteria and prevent the colonization of mucous membranes by harmful microorganisms. Lactobacterin, Biobakton and Acylact are some of the most famous representatives of the group. Long-term treatment ranges from several weeks to several months.
Prebiotics are aimed at correcting pH and helping to create optimal conditions for the reproduction of normal microflora. Hilak Forte, Duphalac and Normaze are used in a course for two to three weeks.

Folk remedies

Long before the advent of the pharmacological industry, people resorted to the services of traditional medicine. Many methods that help cure oral dysbiosis are still relevant today.

The most effective folk methods:

Preventive measures

Preventive measures against dysbiosis are divided into three main areas:

increasing the overall resistance of the body;
regular consultation with a specialist about chronic diseases;
stabilization of the microbial flora of the oral cavity.

The body's resistance to infections can be increased through regular physical activity, hardening techniques and yoga exercises. Giving up bad habits will also have a beneficial effect on a person’s overall health.

Oral dysbiosis is a fairly common phenomenon. Many people suffer from this disease to one degree or another. It is no secret that the human oral cavity is populated by both beneficial and harmful bacteria. At the same time, the main indicator of their successful coexistence is the condition of the mucous membrane.

Main symptoms of the disease

Like many other diseases, oral dysbiosis cannot be asymptomatic. However, symptoms that are not fully manifested may seem insignificant at first. The disease manifests itself with the formation of small painful cracks in the corners of the mouth, as well as the appearance of an unpleasant odor - bad breath.

Further development of the disease can lead to loosening of teeth, as well as the occurrence of periodontal disease. With dysbacteriosis, the patient's teeth are covered with abundant plaque, damaging the enamel surface. An extremely unfavorable pathogenic environment is created in the cavity, which can affect the functioning of the tonsils, ligaments, and tongue receptors.

In total, more than 300 species of various microorganisms are found in the human oral cavity, as well as in the nasopharynx. The microflora of this area is divided into facultative, or otherwise - transient and obligate. The obligate flora includes, in turn, treptococci, non-pathogenic staphylococci, leptotrichia, veillonella, bacteroides, lactobacilli, as well as fusiform bacteria and yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. Among a number of transient representatives of the flora, you can most often find enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, spore-forming bacteria and, again, microorganisms of the genus Campylobacter.

Reasons for appearance

There are many reasons for the appearance of dysbacteriosis in the oral cavity. This:

- long-term or complex treatment with antibiotics, as well as chemotherapeutic agents;
- allergic dermatoses;
— infectious and inflammatory processes in the intestines, chronic gastrointestinal diseases;
- decreased immunity;
- hypovitaminosis;
— diet, fasting and other eating disorders.

Degree of disease development

To date, 4 degrees of the disease have been identified:

Dysbiotic shift, which is a slight change in the amount of a certain type of opportunistic microorganism. At the same time, the normal species composition of the oral microflora is preserved. This form is called latent, or otherwise compensated, because there are no pronounced clinical manifestations of the disease;
Dysbacteriosis of the 1st-2nd degree, or as it is also called - subcompensated form. At the same time, against the background of a slight decrease in the titer of lactobacilli, according to the results of the analysis, 2-3 pathogenic species are identified;
Subcompensated, or 3rd degree dysbiosis, is the presence of a pathogenic monoculture with a significant decrease in the amount of normal microflora, or even in the complete absence of its representatives;
Decompensated, or grade 4 dysbiosis, is the presence of associations of pathogenic microorganisms with yeast-like fungi.

In addition, there is also a division of this oral disease into 3 degrees:

The first degree is a state of microflora in which there is a numerical change in the number of lactobacilli, as well as corynebacteria. At the same time, the number of other rod-shaped, coccal flora and fungi also decreases;
The second degree of dysbiosis is already more significant fluctuations in the level of sowing of non-pathogenic staphylococci, bacteroids, corynebacteria, fusobacteria and leptotrichia. At the same time, deviations from the level can be either in the direction of increasing or decreasing the quantitative indicator of bacteria;
The third degree is characterized by a decrease in the titer of lactobacilli, veillonella, and Neisseria streptococci. Also, there are strong fluctuations in the composition of bacteroids and corynebacteria, and the number of St. increases significantly. aureus, enterobacteria, non-pathogenic staphylococci, leptotrichia, fusobacteria and Candida spp.

Treatment of dysbiosis

Now you know the symptoms of dysbiosis and we can begin treating the oral cavity.

Treatment of this oral disease requires a comprehensive approach. The use of gastroenterologists is necessary. A special place in the treatment of dysbiosis is occupied by drugs of bacterial origin. They perfectly correct microbiocenosis, increase nonspecific resistance of the body, form immune responses of antagonistic normal flora, regulate metabolic processes, and perform antidote and antioxidant effects.

In the treatment of dysbiosis, both antibiotic drugs and immunomodulators are also widely used. Thus, the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs into the complex of therapy reduces the need for the use of antibacterial agents by 3 times.

The effect of treating dysbacteriosis implies an impact on both the microflora and various factors of local immunity. That is why, today, doctors quite often recommend including in therapy not only general immunocorrectors, but also an immunostimulating drug of bacterial origin.

Today there are many drugs that effectively cope with the problem of dysbiosis. They are available to almost everyone and are freely sold in pharmacy chains. However, it is worth considering that a disease such as jisbacteriosis can be caused by a latent form of gastritis, peptic ulcer, or infection. That is why it is necessary to undergo a comprehensive examination in order to identify the root cause of the disease and eliminate it.